7. Information about Frequency Allocations
All regulated: General overview of frequency usage
For those considering purchasing a radio system, the question of which of the numerous frequency ranges to choose might arise. Over the last ten to twenty years, our frequency landscape has been significantly reshaped by modern technologies such as mobile communications, digital radio, and television. Some may wonder why their older radio system is being disturbed, not realizing that the frequency they once used might no longer be permissible.
Here, we'll discuss the current situation, the currently available frequency ranges, and the differences. It's important to note that we're focusing solely on the situation in Germany. While there are some parallels within the European context, there are also many differences that would exceed the scope of this article.
In Germany, radio operation is regulated by the German Telecommunications Act. According to § 55, every frequency usage requires a prior frequency assignment. Fortunately, many relevant frequency ranges for us are freely allocated, either for all users or restricted to specific user groups. These allocations are always temporary, but this doesn't necessarily mean they won't be extended at some point. Unfortunately, this can't be predicted reliably.
Frequency Ranges for Wireless Microphones
Frequency Range Allocation
Back to the future: VHF Band III, 174 – 230 MHz
General Allocation: Vfg. 59/2015, Valid until the end of 2025
The abbreviation VHF stands for "Very High Frequency" and covers the range from 30MHz to 300MHz. The relevant sub-range III with frequencies from 174 – 230MHz was made freely accessible to the public in 2015. However, its reliable operation might be affected regionally by Digital Radio DAB+. As licenses for VHF were previously available only on a location and time-bound basis, analog systems have largely disappeared from the market. Yet, in the digital professional sphere, VHF is experiencing a small revival, primarily due to its less susceptible digital technology, offering an interesting alternative to other frequency ranges.
Now available for professional use: 470 – 608 MHz and 614 – 694 MHz
General Allocation: Vfg. 34/2020, Valid until the end of 2030
So, we're stepping into the vast UHF band (Ultra High Frequency), covering the range from 300 Hz to 3000 Hz overall, but only parts of it are accessible to us. Previously, this area required licenses, but in April 2020, segments 470 – 608 MHz and 614 – 694 MHz were opened up "for applications in professional production." The interpretation can vary. Examples include radio program production, theater performances, concerts by professional music groups, and professional services in event technology. However, it doesn't mean you'll have this space all to yourself. Within this spectrum lies digital terrestrial television DVB-T2. The availability of frequency blocks (TV channels) varies greatly by region. A frequency scan on-site is often necessary for touring users. Nevertheless, despite the overlap with DVB-T2, this 200 MHz range remains a top choice for larger wireless setups.
Allocated: 703 – 823 MHz
The historically licensed and fee-based spectrum of the 700 MHz frequencies is now almost entirely occupied by LTE 700. Beyond a narrow protective zone lies LTE 800. Hence, this range is mostly occupied, leaving few gaps, mainly between 733 and 758 MHz. Segments of this frequency band can be requested from the German Federal Network Agency depending on time and location. Due to its crowded nature and licensing requirements, this spectrum isn't the first choice; at best, it serves as additional capacity for major events.
Free for everyone: Duplex Gap 823 – 832 MHz
General Allocation: Vfg. 2/2015, Valid until the end of 2025
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a familiar mobile communication standard. The duplex gap refers to the free frequency space that separates the downlink and uplink. Although the gap in the LTE 800 range starts at 821 MHz, the general allocation begins at 823 MHz. Depending on the LTE environment, maintaining some distance from the band edges is advisable. In practice, this may limit the maximum number of simultaneously usable wireless systems. A preventive measure would be to position within the middle (approximately 825 – 828 MHz). Alongside the following described ranges, this frequency band suits private use.
Europe-wide free: 863 – 865 MHz
General Allocation: Vfg. 107/2018, Valid until 2028
Often referred to as the ISM band (Industrial, Scientific and Medical), it's technically an SRD band (Short Range Device). Regardless of the name, it's license-free across Europe for anyone. While most frequency bands allow operation up to 50mW, the 863-865 MHz range is limited to a maximum of 10mW. This power level is sufficient for stage applications in the amateur range, especially considering that many entry-level systems don't transmit stronger even in other frequency bands. However, the narrower bandwidth of only 2 MHz poses a limitation. Expect a cap of approximately four wireless systems, depending on quality. This range is recommended for single or dual applications or as a supplement to existing systems in other bands, especially for musicians.
Free for everyone: Duplex Gap 1785 – 1805 MHz (1.8 GHz)
General Allocation: Vfg. 3/2015, Valid until 2025
This scenario mirrors the duplex gap 823 – 832 MHz. The 1.8 GHz band utilizes the corresponding space in the LTE 1800 mobile network and is also open for any user. While "GHz" often implies "digital," this band primarily hosts analogue wireless systems for now.
Given the similarities to the duplex gap 823 – 832 MHz, it's natural to question if one of these bands has advantages over the other. If it's known whether regional LTE 800 or LTE 1800 exists for a location-based application, it's advisable to avoid the corresponding band. Otherwise, under the same conditions, a system at a lower frequency would achieve slightly longer range. Hence, when in doubt, the preference could lean towards the 823 – 832 MHz band. For touring users intending to operate multiple wireless links simultaneously, it's better to distribute across both or multiple frequency bands in general.
High range and high latency: 1.9 GHz (DECT)
General Allocation: Vfg. 25/2015, Valid until the end of 2025
Systems in the 1.9 GHz band are relatively rare. They exclusively utilize digital systems on the license-free European frequencies 1880 – 1900 MHz, following the DECT standard (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) known from home landline phones. With a permissible transmission power of up to 250mW, ranges exceeding 100 meters are achievable. Easy handling, secure encryption, and the ability to use numerous channels simultaneously make these systems suitable for conferences and voice transmissions where users prefer minimal technical involvement. However, this setup isn't ideal for musicians due to the latency of about 20 ms. Guitar and InEar systems are not found in this band. Hence, for musicians, it's recommended to steer clear of this system for vocals.
Worldwide free: 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz (WLAN)
General Allocation 2.4GHz: Vfg. 64/2018, Valid until the end of 2023
General Allocation 5GHz: Vfg. 151/2018, Valid until 2028
Wireless systems operating on these globally license-free WLAN frequencies are increasingly popular. Frequencies in the 2.4 GHz band range from 2400.0 – 2483.5 GHz, while the 5 GHz band is split into 5150 – 5350 GHz and 5470 – 5725 GHz.
Systems in these bands operate exclusively in digital format. The technology is affordable, and the sound quality surpasses that of analog systems. With latencies ranging from approximately 3-7 ms, they're imperceptibly short. However, these frequencies are used for WLAN, Bluetooth, or ZigBee, potentially causing interference. Manufacturers tackle this by employing intelligent frequency management, transmitting on multiple fixed or variable frequencies simultaneously. For small amateur-level setups, this often works well even alongside existing WLAN systems. Yet, in professional productions, using these frequencies is uncommon, considering their limited range and stronger isolation effects compared to similar systems in the lower UHF range.
Summary
Despite regional variations with DAB+, DVB-T2, and LTE bands, numerous frequency ranges are available for us, most of which can now be used without a license. Professionals will likely prefer frequencies between 470 and 694 MHz, possibly expanding into the VHF range if needed and obtaining special allocations if necessary. Private users will find smaller fields in the LTE duplex gaps and the digital GHz bands, which, when combined, also allow for a decent wireless setup.
Final Notes
As we might not catch every legal change immediately, it's advised to note that all information in this chapter is provided without warranty. Those seeking deeper insights into the matter or having questions about individual frequency allocations are strongly encouraged to contact the Federal Network Agency (www.bundesnetzagentur.de). For assistance in selecting wireless systems, practical tips, and general professional advice, our PA department experts are always there for you per phone at +49/9546/9223-35 or email at pa@thomann.de.
